nc4var.c

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/* Copyright 2003-2018, University Corporation for Atmospheric
 * Research. See COPYRIGHT file for copying and redistribution
 * conditions.*/
#include "config.h"
#include "nc4internal.h"
#include "nc4dispatch.h"
#ifdef USE_HDF5
#include "hdf5internal.h"
#endif
#include <math.h>

#define DEFAULT_1D_UNLIM_SIZE (4096)

/* Define log_e for 10 and 2. Prefer constants defined in math.h,
 * however, GCC environments can have hard time defining M_LN10/M_LN2
 * despite finding math.h */
#ifndef M_LN10
# define M_LN10         2.30258509299404568402  
#endif /* M_LN10 */
#ifndef M_LN2
# define M_LN2          0.69314718055994530942  
#endif /* M_LN2 */

#define BIT_XPL_NBR_SGN_FLT (23)

#define BIT_XPL_NBR_SGN_DBL (52) 
  
typedef union { /* ptr_unn */
  float *fp;
  double *dp;
  unsigned int *ui32p;
  unsigned long long *ui64p;
  void *vp;
} ptr_unn;

int
NC4_get_var_chunk_cache(int ncid, int varid, size_t *sizep,
                        size_t *nelemsp, float *preemptionp)
{
    NC *nc;
    NC_GRP_INFO_T *grp;
    NC_FILE_INFO_T *h5;
    NC_VAR_INFO_T *var;
    int retval;

    /* Find info for this file and group, and set pointer to each. */
    if ((retval = nc4_find_nc_grp_h5(ncid, &nc, &grp, &h5)))
        return retval;
    assert(nc && grp && h5);

    /* Find the var. */
    var = (NC_VAR_INFO_T*)ncindexith(grp->vars,(size_t)varid);
    if(!var)
        return NC_ENOTVAR;
    assert(var && var->hdr.id == varid);

    /* Give the user what they want. */
    if (sizep)
        *sizep = var->chunkcache.size;
    if (nelemsp)
        *nelemsp = var->chunkcache.nelems;
    if (preemptionp)
        *preemptionp = var->chunkcache.preemption;

    return NC_NOERR;
}

int
nc_get_var_chunk_cache_ints(int ncid, int varid, int *sizep,
                            int *nelemsp, int *preemptionp)
{
    size_t real_size, real_nelems;
    float real_preemption;
    int ret;

    if ((ret = NC4_get_var_chunk_cache(ncid, varid, &real_size,
                                       &real_nelems, &real_preemption)))
        return ret;

    if (sizep)
        *sizep = (int)(real_size / MEGABYTE);
    if (nelemsp)
        *nelemsp = (int)real_nelems;
    if(preemptionp)
        *preemptionp = (int)(real_preemption * 100);

    return NC_NOERR;
}

int
NC4_inq_var_all(int ncid, int varid, char *name, nc_type *xtypep,
                int *ndimsp, int *dimidsp, int *nattsp,
                int *shufflep, int *deflatep, int *deflate_levelp,
                int *fletcher32p, int *storagep, size_t *chunksizesp,
                int *no_fill, void *fill_valuep, int *endiannessp,
                unsigned int *idp, size_t *nparamsp, unsigned int *params)
{
    NC_GRP_INFO_T *grp;
    NC_FILE_INFO_T *h5;
    NC_VAR_INFO_T *var;
    int d;
    int retval;

    LOG((2, "%s: ncid 0x%x varid %d", __func__, ncid, varid));

    /* Find info for this file and group, and set pointer to each. */
    if ((retval = nc4_find_nc_grp_h5(ncid, NULL, &grp, &h5)))
        return retval;
    assert(grp && h5);

    /* If the varid is -1, find the global atts and call it a day. */
    if (varid == NC_GLOBAL && nattsp)
    {
        *nattsp = ncindexcount(grp->att);
        return NC_NOERR;
    }

    /* Find the var. */
    if (!(var = (NC_VAR_INFO_T *)ncindexith(grp->vars, (size_t)varid)))
        return NC_ENOTVAR;
    assert(var && var->hdr.id == varid);

    /* Copy the data to the user's data buffers. */
    if (name)
        strcpy(name, var->hdr.name);
    if (xtypep)
        *xtypep = var->type_info->hdr.id;
    if (ndimsp)
        *ndimsp = (int)var->ndims;
    if (dimidsp)
        for (d = 0; d < var->ndims; d++)
            dimidsp[d] = var->dimids[d];
    if (nattsp)
        *nattsp = ncindexcount(var->att);

    /* Did the user want the chunksizes? */
    if (var->storage == NC_CHUNKED && chunksizesp)
    {
        for (d = 0; d < var->ndims; d++)
        {
            chunksizesp[d] = var->chunksizes[d];
            LOG((4, "chunksizesp[%d]=%d", d, chunksizesp[d]));
        }
    }

    /* Did the user inquire about the storage? */
    if (storagep)
    *storagep = var->storage;

    /* Filter stuff. */
    if (shufflep) {
    retval = nc_inq_var_filter_info(ncid,varid,H5Z_FILTER_SHUFFLE,0,NULL);
    if(retval && retval != NC_ENOFILTER) return retval;
    *shufflep = (retval == NC_NOERR?1:0);
    }
    if (fletcher32p) {
    retval = nc_inq_var_filter_info(ncid,varid,H5Z_FILTER_FLETCHER32,0,NULL);
    if(retval && retval != NC_ENOFILTER) return retval;
        *fletcher32p = (retval == NC_NOERR?1:0);
    }
    if (deflatep)
    return NC_EFILTER;

    if (idp) {
    return NC_EFILTER;
    }

    /* Fill value stuff. */
    if (no_fill)
        *no_fill = (int)var->no_fill;

    /* Don't do a thing with fill_valuep if no_fill mode is set for
     * this var, or if fill_valuep is NULL. */
    if (!var->no_fill && fill_valuep)
    {
        /* Do we have a fill value for this var? */
        if (var->fill_value)
        {
        int xtype = var->type_info->hdr.id;
        if((retval = NC_copy_data(h5->controller,xtype,var->fill_value,1,fill_valuep))) return retval;
    }
        else
        {
            if ((retval = nc4_get_default_fill_value(var->type_info, fill_valuep)))
                    return retval;
        }
    }

    /* Does the user want the endianness of this variable? */
    if (endiannessp)
        *endiannessp = var->endianness;

    return NC_NOERR;
}

int
nc_inq_var_chunking_ints(int ncid, int varid, int *storagep, int *chunksizesp)
{
    NC_VAR_INFO_T *var;
    size_t *cs = NULL;
    int i, retval;

    /* Get pointer to the var. */
    if ((retval = nc4_find_grp_h5_var(ncid, varid, NULL, NULL, &var)))
        return retval;
    assert(var);

    /* Allocate space for the size_t copy of the chunksizes array. */
    if (var->ndims)
        if (!(cs = malloc(var->ndims * sizeof(size_t))))
            return NC_ENOMEM;

    /* Call the netcdf-4 version directly. */
    retval = NC4_inq_var_all(ncid, varid, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
                             NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, storagep, cs, NULL,
                             NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

    /* Copy from size_t array. */
    if (!retval && chunksizesp && var->storage == NC_CHUNKED)
    {
        for (i = 0; i < var->ndims; i++)
        {
            chunksizesp[i] = (int)cs[i];
            if (cs[i] > NC_MAX_INT)
                retval = NC_ERANGE;
        }
    }

    if (var->ndims)
        free(cs);
    return retval;
}

int
NC4_inq_varid(int ncid, const char *name, int *varidp)
{
    NC *nc;
    NC_GRP_INFO_T *grp;
    NC_VAR_INFO_T *var;
    char norm_name[NC_MAX_NAME + 1];
    int retval;

    if (!name)
        return NC_EINVAL;
    if (!varidp)
        return NC_NOERR;

    LOG((2, "%s: ncid 0x%x name %s", __func__, ncid, name));

    /* Find info for this file and group, and set pointer to each. */
    if ((retval = nc4_find_nc_grp_h5(ncid, &nc, &grp, NULL)))
        return retval;

    /* Normalize name. */
    if ((retval = nc4_normalize_name(name, norm_name)))
        return retval;

    /* Find var of this name. */
    var = (NC_VAR_INFO_T*)ncindexlookup(grp->vars,norm_name);
    if(var)
    {
        *varidp = var->hdr.id;
        return NC_NOERR;
    }
    return NC_ENOTVAR;
}

int
NC4_var_par_access(int ncid, int varid, int par_access)
{
#ifndef USE_PARALLEL4
    NC_UNUSED(ncid);
    NC_UNUSED(varid);
    NC_UNUSED(par_access);
    return NC_ENOPAR;
#else
    NC *nc;
    NC_GRP_INFO_T *grp;
    NC_FILE_INFO_T *h5;
    NC_VAR_INFO_T *var;
    int retval;

    LOG((1, "%s: ncid 0x%x varid %d par_access %d", __func__, ncid,
         varid, par_access));

    if (par_access != NC_INDEPENDENT && par_access != NC_COLLECTIVE)
        return NC_EINVAL;

    /* Find info for this file and group, and set pointer to each. */
    if ((retval = nc4_find_nc_grp_h5(ncid, &nc, &grp, &h5)))
        return retval;

    /* This function only for files opened with nc_open_par or nc_create_par. */
    if (!h5->parallel)
        return NC_ENOPAR;

    /* Find the var, and set its preference. */
    var = (NC_VAR_INFO_T*)ncindexith(grp->vars,varid);
    if (!var) return NC_ENOTVAR;
    assert(var->hdr.id == varid);

    /* If zlib, shuffle, or fletcher32 filters are in use, then access
     * must be collective. Fail an attempt to set such a variable to
     * independent access. */
    if (nclistlength((NClist*)var->filters) > 0 &&
        par_access == NC_INDEPENDENT)
        return NC_EINVAL;

    if (par_access)
        var->parallel_access = NC_COLLECTIVE;
    else
        var->parallel_access = NC_INDEPENDENT;
    return NC_NOERR;
#endif /* USE_PARALLEL4 */
}

int
nc4_convert_type(const void *src, void *dest, const nc_type src_type,
                 const nc_type dest_type, const size_t len, int *range_error,
                 const void *fill_value, int strict_nc3, int quantize_mode,
         int nsd)
{
    /* These vars are used with quantize feature. */
    const double bit_per_dgt = M_LN10 / M_LN2; /* 3.32 [frc] Bits per decimal digit of precision  = log2(10) */
    const double dgt_per_bit= M_LN2 / M_LN10; /* 0.301 [frc] Decimal digits per bit of precision = log10(2) */
    double mnt; /* [frc] Mantissa, 0.5 <= mnt < 1.0 */
    double mnt_fabs; /* [frc] fabs(mantissa) */
    double mnt_log10_fabs; /* [frc] log10(fabs(mantissa))) */
    double val; /* [frc] Copy of input value to avoid indirection */
    double mss_val_cmp_dbl; /* Missing value for comparison to double precision values */
    float mss_val_cmp_flt; /* Missing value for comparison to single precision values */
    int bit_xpl_nbr_zro; /* [nbr] Number of explicit bits to zero */
    int dgt_nbr; /* [nbr] Number of digits before decimal point */
    int qnt_pwr; /* [nbr] Power of two in quantization mask: qnt_msk = 2^qnt_pwr */
    int xpn_bs2; /* [nbr] Binary exponent xpn_bs2 in val = sign(val) * 2^xpn_bs2 * mnt, 0.5 < mnt <= 1.0 */
    size_t idx;
    unsigned int *u32_ptr;
    unsigned int msk_f32_u32_zro;
    unsigned int msk_f32_u32_one;
    unsigned int msk_f32_u32_hshv;
    unsigned long long int *u64_ptr;
    unsigned long long int msk_f64_u64_zro;
    unsigned long long int msk_f64_u64_one;
    unsigned long long int msk_f64_u64_hshv;
    unsigned short prc_bnr_xpl_rqr; /* [nbr] Explicitly represented binary digits required to retain */
    ptr_unn op1; /* I/O [frc] Values to quantize */
    
    char *cp, *cp1;
    float *fp, *fp1;
    double *dp, *dp1;
    int *ip, *ip1;
    short *sp, *sp1;
    signed char *bp, *bp1;
    unsigned char *ubp, *ubp1;
    unsigned short *usp, *usp1;
    unsigned int *uip, *uip1;
    long long *lip, *lip1;
    unsigned long long *ulip, *ulip1;
    size_t count = 0;

    *range_error = 0;
    LOG((3, "%s: len %d src_type %d dest_type %d", __func__, len, src_type,
         dest_type));

    /* If quantize is in use, set up some values. Quantize can only be
     * used when the destination type is NC_FLOAT or NC_DOUBLE. */
    if (quantize_mode != NC_NOQUANTIZE)
      {
        assert(dest_type == NC_FLOAT || dest_type == NC_DOUBLE);

    /* Parameters shared by all quantization codecs */
        if (dest_type == NC_FLOAT)
      {
            /* Determine the fill value. */
            if (fill_value)
          mss_val_cmp_flt = *(float *)fill_value;
            else
          mss_val_cmp_flt = NC_FILL_FLOAT;

      }
        else
      {
    
            /* Determine the fill value. */
            if (fill_value)
          mss_val_cmp_dbl = *(double *)fill_value;
            else
          mss_val_cmp_dbl = NC_FILL_DOUBLE;

      }

    /* Set parameters used by BitGroom and BitRound here, outside value loop.
       Equivalent parameters used by GranularBR are set inside value loop,
       since keep bits and thus masks can change for every value. */
    if (quantize_mode == NC_QUANTIZE_BITGROOM ||
        quantize_mode == NC_QUANTIZE_BITROUND )
      {

        if (quantize_mode == NC_QUANTIZE_BITGROOM){

          /* BitGroom interprets nsd as number of significant decimal digits
           * Must convert that to number of significant bits to preserve
           * How many bits to preserve? Being conservative, we round up the
           * exact binary digits of precision. Add one because the first bit
           * is implicit not explicit but corner cases prevent our taking
           * advantage of this. */
          prc_bnr_xpl_rqr = (unsigned short)ceil(nsd * bit_per_dgt) + 1;

        }else if (quantize_mode == NC_QUANTIZE_BITROUND){

          /* BitRound interprets nsd as number of significant binary digits (bits) */
          prc_bnr_xpl_rqr = (unsigned short)nsd;
          
        }
        
        if (dest_type == NC_FLOAT)
          {

        bit_xpl_nbr_zro = BIT_XPL_NBR_SGN_FLT - prc_bnr_xpl_rqr;

        /* Create mask */
        msk_f32_u32_zro = 0U; /* Zero all bits */
        msk_f32_u32_zro = ~msk_f32_u32_zro; /* Turn all bits to ones */
        
        /* BitShave mask for AND: Left shift zeros into bits to be
         * rounded, leave ones in untouched bits. */
        msk_f32_u32_zro <<= bit_xpl_nbr_zro;
        
        /* BitSet mask for OR: Put ones into bits to be set, zeros in
         * untouched bits. */
        msk_f32_u32_one = ~msk_f32_u32_zro;

        /* BitRound mask for ADD: Set one bit: the MSB of LSBs */
        msk_f32_u32_hshv=msk_f32_u32_one & (msk_f32_u32_zro >> 1);

          }
        else
          {

        bit_xpl_nbr_zro = BIT_XPL_NBR_SGN_DBL - prc_bnr_xpl_rqr;
        /* Create mask. */
        msk_f64_u64_zro = 0UL; /* Zero all bits. */
        msk_f64_u64_zro = ~msk_f64_u64_zro; /* Turn all bits to ones. */
        
        /* BitShave mask for AND: Left shift zeros into bits to be
         * rounded, leave ones in untouched bits. */
        msk_f64_u64_zro <<= bit_xpl_nbr_zro;
        
        /* BitSet mask for OR: Put ones into bits to be set, zeros in
         * untouched bits. */
        msk_f64_u64_one =~ msk_f64_u64_zro;

        /* BitRound mask for ADD: Set one bit: the MSB of LSBs */
        msk_f64_u64_hshv = msk_f64_u64_one & (msk_f64_u64_zro >> 1);

          }

      }
      
      } /* endif quantize */
        
    /* OK, this is ugly. If you can think of anything better, I'm open
       to suggestions!

       Note that we don't use a default fill value for type
       NC_BYTE. This is because Lord Voldemort cast a nofilleramous spell
       at Harry Potter, but it bounced off his scar and hit the netcdf-4
       code.
    */
    switch (src_type)
    {
    case NC_CHAR:
        switch (dest_type)
        {
        case NC_CHAR:
            for (cp = (char *)src, cp1 = dest; count < len; count++)
                *cp1++ = *cp++;
            break;
        default:
            LOG((0, "%s: Unknown destination type.", __func__));
        }
        break;

    case NC_BYTE:
        switch (dest_type)
        {
        case NC_BYTE:
            for (bp = (signed char *)src, bp1 = dest; count < len; count++)
                *bp1++ = *bp++;
            break;
        case NC_UBYTE:
            for (bp = (signed char *)src, ubp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*bp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ubp++ = (unsigned char)*bp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_SHORT:
            for (bp = (signed char *)src, sp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *sp++ = *bp++;
            break;
        case NC_USHORT:
            for (bp = (signed char *)src, usp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*bp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *usp++ = (unsigned short)*bp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT:
            for (bp = (signed char *)src, ip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *ip++ = *bp++;
            break;
        case NC_UINT:
            for (bp = (signed char *)src, uip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*bp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *uip++ = (unsigned int)*bp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT64:
            for (bp = (signed char *)src, lip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *lip++ = *bp++;
            break;
        case NC_UINT64:
            for (bp = (signed char *)src, ulip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*bp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ulip++ = (unsigned long long)*bp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_FLOAT:
        for (bp = (signed char *)src, fp = dest; count < len; count++)
        *fp++ = *bp++;
            break;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
            for (bp = (signed char *)src, dp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *dp++ = *bp++;
            break;
        default:
            LOG((0, "%s: unexpected dest type. src_type %d, dest_type %d",
                 __func__, src_type, dest_type));
            return NC_EBADTYPE;
        }
        break;

    case NC_UBYTE:
        switch (dest_type)
        {
        case NC_BYTE:
            for (ubp = (unsigned char *)src, bp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (!strict_nc3 && *ubp > X_SCHAR_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *bp++ = (signed char)*ubp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_SHORT:
            for (ubp = (unsigned char *)src, sp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *sp++ = *ubp++;
            break;
        case NC_UBYTE:
            for (ubp = (unsigned char *)src, ubp1 = dest; count < len; count++)
                *ubp1++ = *ubp++;
            break;
        case NC_USHORT:
            for (ubp = (unsigned char *)src, usp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *usp++ = *ubp++;
            break;
        case NC_INT:
            for (ubp = (unsigned char *)src, ip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *ip++ = *ubp++;
            break;
        case NC_UINT:
            for (ubp = (unsigned char *)src, uip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *uip++ = *ubp++;
            break;
        case NC_INT64:
            for (ubp = (unsigned char *)src, lip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *lip++ = *ubp++;
            break;
        case NC_UINT64:
            for (ubp = (unsigned char *)src, ulip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *ulip++ = *ubp++;
            break;
        case NC_FLOAT:
            for (ubp = (unsigned char *)src, fp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *fp++ = *ubp++;
            break;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
            for (ubp = (unsigned char *)src, dp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *dp++ = *ubp++;
            break;
        default:
            LOG((0, "%s: unexpected dest type. src_type %d, dest_type %d",
                 __func__, src_type, dest_type));
            return NC_EBADTYPE;
        }
        break;

    case NC_SHORT:
        switch (dest_type)
        {
        case NC_UBYTE:
            for (sp = (short *)src, ubp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*sp > X_UCHAR_MAX || *sp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ubp++ = (unsigned char)*sp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_BYTE:
            for (sp = (short *)src, bp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*sp > X_SCHAR_MAX || *sp < X_SCHAR_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *bp++ = (signed char)*sp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_SHORT:
            for (sp = (short *)src, sp1 = dest; count < len; count++)
                *sp1++ = *sp++;
            break;
        case NC_USHORT:
            for (sp = (short *)src, usp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*sp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *usp++ = (unsigned short)*sp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT:
            for (sp = (short *)src, ip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *ip++ = *sp++;
            break;
        case NC_UINT:
            for (sp = (short *)src, uip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*sp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *uip++ = (unsigned int)*sp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT64:
            for (sp = (short *)src, lip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *lip++ = *sp++;
            break;
        case NC_UINT64:
            for (sp = (short *)src, ulip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*sp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ulip++ = (unsigned long long)*sp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_FLOAT:
            for (sp = (short *)src, fp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *fp++ = *sp++;
            break;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
            for (sp = (short *)src, dp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *dp++ = *sp++;
            break;
        default:
            LOG((0, "%s: unexpected dest type. src_type %d, dest_type %d",
                 __func__, src_type, dest_type));
            return NC_EBADTYPE;
        }
        break;

    case NC_USHORT:
        switch (dest_type)
        {
        case NC_UBYTE:
            for (usp = (unsigned short *)src, ubp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*usp > X_UCHAR_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ubp++ = (unsigned char)*usp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_BYTE:
            for (usp = (unsigned short *)src, bp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*usp > X_SCHAR_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *bp++ = (signed char)*usp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_SHORT:
            for (usp = (unsigned short *)src, sp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*usp > X_SHORT_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *sp++ = (signed short)*usp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_USHORT:
            for (usp = (unsigned short *)src, usp1 = dest; count < len; count++)
                *usp1++ = *usp++;
            break;
        case NC_INT:
            for (usp = (unsigned short *)src, ip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *ip++ = *usp++;
            break;
        case NC_UINT:
            for (usp = (unsigned short *)src, uip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *uip++ = *usp++;
            break;
        case NC_INT64:
            for (usp = (unsigned short *)src, lip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *lip++ = *usp++;
            break;
        case NC_UINT64:
            for (usp = (unsigned short *)src, ulip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *ulip++ = *usp++;
            break;
        case NC_FLOAT:
            for (usp = (unsigned short *)src, fp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *fp++ = *usp++;
            break;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
            for (usp = (unsigned short *)src, dp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *dp++ = *usp++;
            break;
        default:
            LOG((0, "%s: unexpected dest type. src_type %d, dest_type %d",
                 __func__, src_type, dest_type));
            return NC_EBADTYPE;
        }
        break;

    case NC_INT:
        switch (dest_type)
        {
        case NC_UBYTE:
            for (ip = (int *)src, ubp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ip > X_UCHAR_MAX || *ip < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ubp++ = (unsigned char)*ip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_BYTE:
            for (ip = (int *)src, bp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ip > X_SCHAR_MAX || *ip < X_SCHAR_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *bp++ = (signed char)*ip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_SHORT:
            for (ip = (int *)src, sp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ip > X_SHORT_MAX || *ip < X_SHORT_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *sp++ = (short)*ip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_USHORT:
            for (ip = (int *)src, usp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ip > X_USHORT_MAX || *ip < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *usp++ = (unsigned short)*ip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT: /* src is int */
            for (ip = (int *)src, ip1 = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ip > X_INT_MAX || *ip < X_INT_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ip1++ = *ip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_UINT:
            for (ip = (int *)src, uip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ip > X_UINT_MAX || *ip < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *uip++ = (unsigned int)*ip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT64:
            for (ip = (int *)src, lip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *lip++ = *ip++;
            break;
        case NC_UINT64:
            for (ip = (int *)src, ulip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ip < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ulip++ = (unsigned long long)*ip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_FLOAT:
            for (ip = (int *)src, fp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *fp++ = (float)*ip++;
            break;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
            for (ip = (int *)src, dp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *dp++ = (double)*ip++;
            break;
        default:
            LOG((0, "%s: unexpected dest type. src_type %d, dest_type %d",
                 __func__, src_type, dest_type));
            return NC_EBADTYPE;
        }
        break;

    case NC_UINT:
        switch (dest_type)
        {
        case NC_UBYTE:
            for (uip = (unsigned int *)src, ubp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*uip > X_UCHAR_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ubp++ = (unsigned char)*uip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_BYTE:
            for (uip = (unsigned int *)src, bp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*uip > X_SCHAR_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *bp++ = (signed char)*uip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_SHORT:
            for (uip = (unsigned int *)src, sp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*uip > X_SHORT_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *sp++ = (signed short)*uip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_USHORT:
            for (uip = (unsigned int *)src, usp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*uip > X_USHORT_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *usp++ = (unsigned short)*uip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT:
            for (uip = (unsigned int *)src, ip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*uip > X_INT_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ip++ = (int)*uip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_UINT:
            for (uip = (unsigned int *)src, uip1 = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*uip > X_UINT_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *uip1++ = *uip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT64:
            for (uip = (unsigned int *)src, lip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *lip++ = *uip++;
            break;
        case NC_UINT64:
            for (uip = (unsigned int *)src, ulip = dest; count < len; count++)
                *ulip++ = *uip++;
            break;
        case NC_FLOAT:
            for (uip = (unsigned int *)src, fp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *fp++ = (float)*uip++;
            break;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
            for (uip = (unsigned int *)src, dp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *dp++ = *uip++;
            break;
        default:
            LOG((0, "%s: unexpected dest type. src_type %d, dest_type %d",
                 __func__, src_type, dest_type));
            return NC_EBADTYPE;
        }
        break;

    case NC_INT64:
        switch (dest_type)
        {
        case NC_UBYTE:
            for (lip = (long long *)src, ubp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*lip > X_UCHAR_MAX || *lip < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ubp++ = (unsigned char)*lip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_BYTE:
            for (lip = (long long *)src, bp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*lip > X_SCHAR_MAX || *lip < X_SCHAR_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *bp++ = (signed char)*lip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_SHORT:
            for (lip = (long long *)src, sp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*lip > X_SHORT_MAX || *lip < X_SHORT_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *sp++ = (short)*lip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_USHORT:
            for (lip = (long long *)src, usp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*lip > X_USHORT_MAX || *lip < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *usp++ = (unsigned short)*lip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_UINT:
            for (lip = (long long *)src, uip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*lip > X_UINT_MAX || *lip < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *uip++ = (unsigned int)*lip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT:
            for (lip = (long long *)src, ip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*lip > X_INT_MAX || *lip < X_INT_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ip++ = (int)*lip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT64:
            for (lip = (long long *)src, lip1 = dest; count < len; count++)
                *lip1++ = *lip++;
            break;
        case NC_UINT64:
            for (lip = (long long *)src, ulip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*lip < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ulip++ = (unsigned long long)*lip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_FLOAT:
            for (lip = (long long *)src, fp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *fp++ = (float)*lip++;
            break;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
            for (lip = (long long *)src, dp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *dp++ = (double)*lip++;
            break;
        default:
            LOG((0, "%s: unexpected dest type. src_type %d, dest_type %d",
                 __func__, src_type, dest_type));
            return NC_EBADTYPE;
        }
        break;

    case NC_UINT64:
        switch (dest_type)
        {
        case NC_UBYTE:
            for (ulip = (unsigned long long *)src, ubp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ulip > X_UCHAR_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ubp++ = (unsigned char)*ulip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_BYTE:
            for (ulip = (unsigned long long *)src, bp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ulip > X_SCHAR_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *bp++ = (signed char)*ulip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_SHORT:
            for (ulip = (unsigned long long *)src, sp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ulip > X_SHORT_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *sp++ = (short)*ulip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_USHORT:
            for (ulip = (unsigned long long *)src, usp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ulip > X_USHORT_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *usp++ = (unsigned short)*ulip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_UINT:
            for (ulip = (unsigned long long *)src, uip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ulip > X_UINT_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *uip++ = (unsigned int)*ulip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT:
            for (ulip = (unsigned long long *)src, ip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ulip > X_INT_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ip++ = (int)*ulip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT64:
            for (ulip = (unsigned long long *)src, lip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*ulip > X_INT64_MAX)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *lip++ = (long long)*ulip++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_UINT64:
            for (ulip = (unsigned long long *)src, ulip1 = dest; count < len; count++)
                *ulip1++ = *ulip++;
            break;
        case NC_FLOAT:
            for (ulip = (unsigned long long *)src, fp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *fp++ = (float)*ulip++;
            break;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
            for (ulip = (unsigned long long *)src, dp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *dp++ = (double)*ulip++;
            break;
        default:
            LOG((0, "%s: unexpected dest type. src_type %d, dest_type %d",
                 __func__, src_type, dest_type));
            return NC_EBADTYPE;
        }
        break;

    case NC_FLOAT:
        switch (dest_type)
        {
        case NC_UBYTE:
            for (fp = (float *)src, ubp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*fp > X_UCHAR_MAX || *fp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ubp++ = (unsigned char)*fp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_BYTE:
            for (fp = (float *)src, bp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*fp > (double)X_SCHAR_MAX || *fp < (double)X_SCHAR_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *bp++ = (signed char)*fp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_SHORT:
            for (fp = (float *)src, sp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*fp > (double)X_SHORT_MAX || *fp < (double)X_SHORT_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *sp++ = (short)*fp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_USHORT:
            for (fp = (float *)src, usp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*fp > X_USHORT_MAX || *fp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *usp++ = (unsigned short)*fp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_UINT:
            for (fp = (float *)src, uip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*fp > (float)X_UINT_MAX || *fp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *uip++ = (unsigned int)*fp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT:
            for (fp = (float *)src, ip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*fp > (double)X_INT_MAX || *fp < (double)X_INT_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ip++ = (int)*fp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT64:
            for (fp = (float *)src, lip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*fp > (float)X_INT64_MAX || *fp <X_INT64_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *lip++ = (long long)*fp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_UINT64:
            for (fp = (float *)src, ulip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*fp > (float)X_UINT64_MAX || *fp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ulip++ = (unsigned long long)*fp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_FLOAT:
            for (fp = (float *)src, fp1 = dest; count < len; count++)
                *fp1++ = *fp++;
            break;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
            for (fp = (float *)src, dp = dest; count < len; count++)
                *dp++ = *fp++;
            break;
        default:
            LOG((0, "%s: unexpected dest type. src_type %d, dest_type %d",
                 __func__, src_type, dest_type));
            return NC_EBADTYPE;
        }
        break;

    case NC_DOUBLE:
        switch (dest_type)
        {
        case NC_UBYTE:
            for (dp = (double *)src, ubp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*dp > X_UCHAR_MAX || *dp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ubp++ = (unsigned char)*dp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_BYTE:
            for (dp = (double *)src, bp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*dp > X_SCHAR_MAX || *dp < X_SCHAR_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *bp++ = (signed char)*dp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_SHORT:
            for (dp = (double *)src, sp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*dp > X_SHORT_MAX || *dp < X_SHORT_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *sp++ = (short)*dp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_USHORT:
            for (dp = (double *)src, usp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*dp > X_USHORT_MAX || *dp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *usp++ = (unsigned short)*dp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_UINT:
            for (dp = (double *)src, uip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*dp > X_UINT_MAX || *dp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *uip++ = (unsigned int)*dp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT:
            for (dp = (double *)src, ip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*dp > X_INT_MAX || *dp < X_INT_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ip++ = (int)*dp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_INT64:
            for (dp = (double *)src, lip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*dp > (double)X_INT64_MAX || *dp < X_INT64_MIN)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *lip++ = (long long)*dp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_UINT64:
            for (dp = (double *)src, ulip = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (*dp > (double)X_UINT64_MAX || *dp < 0)
                    (*range_error)++;
                *ulip++ = (unsigned long long)*dp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_FLOAT:
            for (dp = (double *)src, fp = dest; count < len; count++)
            {
                if (isgreater(*dp, X_FLOAT_MAX) || isless(*dp, X_FLOAT_MIN))
                    (*range_error)++;
                *fp++ = (float)*dp++;
            }
            break;
        case NC_DOUBLE:
            for (dp = (double *)src, dp1 = dest; count < len; count++)
                *dp1++ = *dp++;
            break;
        default:
            LOG((0, "%s: unexpected dest type. src_type %d, dest_type %d",
                 __func__, src_type, dest_type));
            return NC_EBADTYPE;
        }
        break;

    default:
        LOG((0, "%s: unexpected src type. src_type %d, dest_type %d",
             __func__, src_type, dest_type));
        return NC_EBADTYPE;
    }

    /* If quantize is in use, determine masks, copy the data, do the
     * quantization. */
    if (quantize_mode == NC_QUANTIZE_BITGROOM)
    {
        if (dest_type == NC_FLOAT)
        {
            /* BitGroom: alternately shave and set LSBs */
            op1.fp = (float *)dest;
            u32_ptr = op1.ui32p;
            for (idx = 0L; idx < len; idx += 2L)
                if (op1.fp[idx] != mss_val_cmp_flt)
                    u32_ptr[idx] &= msk_f32_u32_zro;
            for (idx = 1L; idx < len; idx += 2L)
                if (op1.fp[idx] != mss_val_cmp_flt && u32_ptr[idx] != 0U) /* Never quantize upwards floating point values of zero */
                    u32_ptr[idx] |= msk_f32_u32_one;
        }
        else
        {
            /* BitGroom: alternately shave and set LSBs. */
            op1.dp = (double *)dest;
            u64_ptr = op1.ui64p;
            for (idx = 0L; idx < len; idx += 2L)
                if (op1.dp[idx] != mss_val_cmp_dbl)
                    u64_ptr[idx] &= msk_f64_u64_zro;
            for (idx = 1L; idx < len; idx += 2L)
                if (op1.dp[idx] != mss_val_cmp_dbl && u64_ptr[idx] != 0ULL) /* Never quantize upwards floating point values of zero */
                    u64_ptr[idx] |= msk_f64_u64_one;
        }
    } /* endif BitGroom */

    if (quantize_mode == NC_QUANTIZE_BITROUND)
      {
        if (dest_type == NC_FLOAT)
      {
            /* BitRound: Quantize to user-specified NSB with IEEE-rounding */
            op1.fp = (float *)dest;
            u32_ptr = op1.ui32p;
            for (idx = 0L; idx < len; idx++){
          if (op1.fp[idx] != mss_val_cmp_flt){
        u32_ptr[idx] += msk_f32_u32_hshv; /* Add 1 to the MSB of LSBs, carry 1 to mantissa or even exponent */
        u32_ptr[idx] &= msk_f32_u32_zro; /* Shave it */
          }
        }
      }
        else
      {
            /* BitRound: Quantize to user-specified NSB with IEEE-rounding */
            op1.dp = (double *)dest;
            u64_ptr = op1.ui64p;
            for (idx = 0L; idx < len; idx++){
          if (op1.dp[idx] != mss_val_cmp_dbl){
        u64_ptr[idx] += msk_f64_u64_hshv; /* Add 1 to the MSB of LSBs, carry 1 to mantissa or even exponent */
        u64_ptr[idx] &= msk_f64_u64_zro; /* Shave it */
          }
        }
      }
      } /* endif BitRound */
    
    if (quantize_mode == NC_QUANTIZE_GRANULARBR)
    {
        if (dest_type == NC_FLOAT)
        {
            /* Granular BitRound */
            op1.fp = (float *)dest;
            u32_ptr = op1.ui32p;
            for (idx = 0L; idx < len; idx++)
          {
          
        if((val = op1.fp[idx]) != mss_val_cmp_flt && u32_ptr[idx] != 0U)
          {
            mnt = frexp(val, &xpn_bs2); /* DGG19 p. 4102 (8) */
            mnt_fabs = fabs(mnt);
            mnt_log10_fabs = log10(mnt_fabs);
            /* 20211003 Continuous determination of dgt_nbr improves CR by ~10% */
            dgt_nbr = (int)floor(xpn_bs2 * dgt_per_bit + mnt_log10_fabs) + 1; /* DGG19 p. 4102 (8.67) */
            qnt_pwr = (int)floor(bit_per_dgt * (dgt_nbr - nsd)); /* DGG19 p. 4101 (7) */
            prc_bnr_xpl_rqr = mnt_fabs == 0.0 ? 0 : (unsigned short)abs((int)floor(xpn_bs2 - bit_per_dgt*mnt_log10_fabs) - qnt_pwr); /* Protect against mnt = -0.0 */
            prc_bnr_xpl_rqr--; /* 20211003 Reduce formula result by 1 bit: Passes all tests, improves CR by ~10% */

            bit_xpl_nbr_zro = BIT_XPL_NBR_SGN_FLT - prc_bnr_xpl_rqr;
            msk_f32_u32_zro = 0U; /* Zero all bits */
            msk_f32_u32_zro = ~msk_f32_u32_zro; /* Turn all bits to ones */
            /* Bit Shave mask for AND: Left shift zeros into bits to be rounded, leave ones in untouched bits */
            msk_f32_u32_zro <<= bit_xpl_nbr_zro;
            /* Bit Set   mask for OR:  Put ones into bits to be set, zeros in untouched bits */
            msk_f32_u32_one = ~msk_f32_u32_zro;
            msk_f32_u32_hshv = msk_f32_u32_one & (msk_f32_u32_zro >> 1); /* Set one bit: the MSB of LSBs */
            u32_ptr[idx] += msk_f32_u32_hshv; /* Add 1 to the MSB of LSBs, carry 1 to mantissa or even exponent */
            u32_ptr[idx] &= msk_f32_u32_zro; /* Shave it */

          } /* !mss_val_cmp_flt */

          } 
        }
        else
        {
            /* Granular BitRound */
            op1.dp = (double *)dest;
            u64_ptr = op1.ui64p;
            for (idx = 0L; idx < len; idx++)
          {

        if((val = op1.dp[idx]) != mss_val_cmp_dbl && u64_ptr[idx] != 0ULL)
          {
            mnt = frexp(val, &xpn_bs2); /* DGG19 p. 4102 (8) */
            mnt_fabs = fabs(mnt);
            mnt_log10_fabs = log10(mnt_fabs);
            /* 20211003 Continuous determination of dgt_nbr improves CR by ~10% */
            dgt_nbr = (int)floor(xpn_bs2 * dgt_per_bit + mnt_log10_fabs) + 1; /* DGG19 p. 4102 (8.67) */
            qnt_pwr = (int)floor(bit_per_dgt * (dgt_nbr - nsd)); /* DGG19 p. 4101 (7) */
            prc_bnr_xpl_rqr = mnt_fabs == 0.0 ? 0 : (unsigned short)abs((int)floor(xpn_bs2 - bit_per_dgt*mnt_log10_fabs) - qnt_pwr); /* Protect against mnt = -0.0 */
            prc_bnr_xpl_rqr--; /* 20211003 Reduce formula result by 1 bit: Passes all tests, improves CR by ~10% */

            bit_xpl_nbr_zro = BIT_XPL_NBR_SGN_DBL - prc_bnr_xpl_rqr;
            msk_f64_u64_zro = 0ULL; /* Zero all bits */
            msk_f64_u64_zro = ~msk_f64_u64_zro; /* Turn all bits to ones */
            /* Bit Shave mask for AND: Left shift zeros into bits to be rounded, leave ones in untouched bits */
            msk_f64_u64_zro <<= bit_xpl_nbr_zro;
            /* Bit Set   mask for OR:  Put ones into bits to be set, zeros in untouched bits */
            msk_f64_u64_one = ~msk_f64_u64_zro;
            msk_f64_u64_hshv = msk_f64_u64_one & (msk_f64_u64_zro >> 1); /* Set one bit: the MSB of LSBs */
            u64_ptr[idx] += msk_f64_u64_hshv; /* Add 1 to the MSB of LSBs, carry 1 to mantissa or even exponent */
            u64_ptr[idx] &= msk_f64_u64_zro; /* Shave it */

          } /* !mss_val_cmp_dbl */

          }
        }
    } /* endif GranularBR */

    return NC_NOERR;
}

int
nc4_get_fill_value(NC_FILE_INFO_T *h5, NC_VAR_INFO_T *var, void **fillp)
{
    size_t size;
    int retval;

    /* Find out how much space we need for this type's fill value. */
    if (var->type_info->nc_type_class == NC_VLEN)
        size = sizeof(nc_vlen_t);
    else if (var->type_info->nc_type_class == NC_STRING)
        size = sizeof(char *);
    else
    {
        if ((retval = nc4_get_typelen_mem(h5, var->type_info->hdr.id, &size)))
            return retval;
    }
    assert(size);

    /* Allocate the space. */
    if (!((*fillp) = calloc(1, size)))
        return NC_ENOMEM;

    /* If the user has set a fill_value for this var, use, otherwise
     * find the default fill value. */
    if (var->fill_value)
    {
        LOG((4, "Found a fill value for var %s", var->hdr.name));
        if (var->type_info->nc_type_class == NC_VLEN)
        {
            nc_vlen_t *in_vlen = (nc_vlen_t *)(var->fill_value), *fv_vlen = (nc_vlen_t *)(*fillp);
            size_t basetypesize = 0;

            if((retval=nc4_get_typelen_mem(h5, var->type_info->u.v.base_nc_typeid, &basetypesize)))
                return retval;

            fv_vlen->len = in_vlen->len;
            if (!(fv_vlen->p = malloc(basetypesize * in_vlen->len)))
            {
                free(*fillp);
                *fillp = NULL;
                return NC_ENOMEM;
            }
            memcpy(fv_vlen->p, in_vlen->p, in_vlen->len * basetypesize);
        }
        else if (var->type_info->nc_type_class == NC_STRING)
        {
            if (*(char **)var->fill_value)
                if (!(**(char ***)fillp = strdup(*(char **)var->fill_value)))
                {
                    free(*fillp);
                    *fillp = NULL;
                    return NC_ENOMEM;
                }
        }
        else
            memcpy((*fillp), var->fill_value, size);
    }
    else
    {
        if (nc4_get_default_fill_value(var->type_info, *fillp))
        {
            /* Note: release memory, but don't return error on failure */
            free(*fillp);
            *fillp = NULL;
        }
    }

    return NC_NOERR;
}

int
nc4_get_typelen_mem(NC_FILE_INFO_T *h5, nc_type xtype, size_t *len)
{
    NC_TYPE_INFO_T *type;
    int retval;

    LOG((4, "%s xtype: %d", __func__, xtype));
    assert(len);

    /* If this is an atomic type, the answer is easy. */
    switch (xtype)
    {
    case NC_BYTE:
    case NC_CHAR:
    case NC_UBYTE:
        *len = sizeof(char);
        return NC_NOERR;
    case NC_SHORT:
    case NC_USHORT:
        *len = sizeof(short);
        return NC_NOERR;
    case NC_INT:
    case NC_UINT:
        *len = sizeof(int);
        return NC_NOERR;
    case NC_FLOAT:
        *len = sizeof(float);
        return NC_NOERR;
    case NC_DOUBLE:
        *len = sizeof(double);
        return NC_NOERR;
    case NC_INT64:
    case NC_UINT64:
        *len = sizeof(long long);
        return NC_NOERR;
    case NC_STRING:
        *len = sizeof(char *);
        return NC_NOERR;
    }

    /* See if var is compound type. */
    if ((retval = nc4_find_type(h5, xtype, &type)))
        return retval;

    if (!type)
        return NC_EBADTYPE;

    *len = type->size;

    LOG((5, "type->size: %d", type->size));

    return NC_NOERR;
}


int
nc4_check_chunksizes(NC_GRP_INFO_T *grp, NC_VAR_INFO_T *var, const size_t *chunksizes)
{
    double dprod;
    size_t type_len;
    int d;
    int retval;

    if ((retval = nc4_get_typelen_mem(grp->nc4_info, var->type_info->hdr.id, &type_len)))
        return retval;
    if (var->type_info->nc_type_class == NC_VLEN)
        dprod = (double)sizeof(nc_vlen_t);
    else
        dprod = (double)type_len;
    for (d = 0; d < var->ndims; d++)
        dprod *= (double)chunksizes[d];

    if (dprod > (double) NC_MAX_UINT)
        return NC_EBADCHUNK;

    return NC_NOERR;
}

int
nc4_find_default_chunksizes2(NC_GRP_INFO_T *grp, NC_VAR_INFO_T *var)
{
    int d;
    size_t type_size;
    float num_values = 1, num_unlim = 0;
    int retval;
    size_t suggested_size;
#ifdef LOGGING
    double total_chunk_size;
#endif

    if (var->type_info->nc_type_class == NC_STRING)
        type_size = sizeof(char *);
    else
        type_size = var->type_info->size;

#ifdef LOGGING
    /* Later this will become the total number of bytes in the default
     * chunk. */
    total_chunk_size = (double) type_size;
#endif

    if(var->chunksizes == NULL) {
        if((var->chunksizes = calloc(1,sizeof(size_t)*var->ndims)) == NULL)
            return NC_ENOMEM;
    }

    /* How many values in the variable (or one record, if there are
     * unlimited dimensions). */
    for (d = 0; d < var->ndims; d++)
    {
        assert(var->dim[d]);
        if (! var->dim[d]->unlimited)
            num_values *= (float)var->dim[d]->len;
        else {
            num_unlim++;
            var->chunksizes[d] = 1; /* overwritten below, if all dims are unlimited */
        }
    }
    /* Special case to avoid 1D vars with unlim dim taking huge amount
       of space (DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE bytes). Instead we limit to about
       4KB */
    if (var->ndims == 1 && num_unlim == 1) {
        if (DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE / type_size <= 0)
            suggested_size = 1;
        else if (DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE / type_size > DEFAULT_1D_UNLIM_SIZE)
            suggested_size = DEFAULT_1D_UNLIM_SIZE;
        else
            suggested_size = DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE / type_size;
        var->chunksizes[0] = suggested_size / type_size;
        LOG((4, "%s: name %s dim %d DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE %d num_values %f type_size %d "
             "chunksize %ld", __func__, var->hdr.name, d, DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE, num_values, type_size, var->chunksizes[0]));
    }
    if (var->ndims > 1 && (float)var->ndims == num_unlim) { /* all dims unlimited */
        suggested_size = (size_t)pow((double)DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE/(double)type_size, 1.0/(double)(var->ndims));
        for (d = 0; d < var->ndims; d++)
        {
            var->chunksizes[d] = suggested_size ? suggested_size : 1;
            LOG((4, "%s: name %s dim %d DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE %d num_values %f type_size %d "
                 "chunksize %ld", __func__, var->hdr.name, d, DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE, num_values, type_size, var->chunksizes[d]));
        }
    }

    /* Pick a chunk length for each dimension, if one has not already
     * been picked above. */
    for (d = 0; d < var->ndims; d++)
        if (!var->chunksizes[d])
        {
            suggested_size = (size_t)(pow((double)DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE/(num_values * (double)type_size),
                                        1.0/(double)((double)var->ndims - num_unlim)) * (double)var->dim[d]->len - .5);
            if (suggested_size > var->dim[d]->len)
                suggested_size = var->dim[d]->len;
            var->chunksizes[d] = suggested_size ? suggested_size : 1;
            LOG((4, "%s: name %s dim %d DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE %d num_values %f type_size %d "
                 "chunksize %ld", __func__, var->hdr.name, d, DEFAULT_CHUNK_SIZE, num_values, type_size, var->chunksizes[d]));
        }

#ifdef LOGGING
    /* Find total chunk size. */
    for (d = 0; d < var->ndims; d++)
        total_chunk_size *= (double) var->chunksizes[d];
    LOG((4, "total_chunk_size %f", total_chunk_size));
#endif

    /* But did this result in a chunk that is too big? */
    retval = nc4_check_chunksizes(grp, var, var->chunksizes);
    if (retval)
    {
        /* Other error? */
        if (retval != NC_EBADCHUNK)
            return retval;

        /* Chunk is too big! Reduce each dimension by half and try again. */
        for ( ; retval == NC_EBADCHUNK; retval = nc4_check_chunksizes(grp, var, var->chunksizes))
            for (d = 0; d < var->ndims; d++)
                var->chunksizes[d] = var->chunksizes[d]/2 ? var->chunksizes[d]/2 : 1;
    }

    /* Do we have any big data overhangs? They can be dangerous to
     * babies, the elderly, or confused campers who have had too much
     * beer. */
    for (d = 0; d < var->ndims; d++)
    {
        size_t num_chunks;
        size_t overhang;
        assert(var->chunksizes[d] > 0);
        num_chunks = (var->dim[d]->len + var->chunksizes[d] - 1) / var->chunksizes[d];
        if(num_chunks > 0) {
            overhang = (num_chunks * var->chunksizes[d]) - var->dim[d]->len;
            var->chunksizes[d] -= overhang / num_chunks;
        }
    }


    return NC_NOERR;
}

int
nc4_get_default_fill_value(NC_TYPE_INFO_T* tinfo, void *fill_value)
{
    if(tinfo->hdr.id > NC_NAT && tinfo->hdr.id <= NC_MAX_ATOMIC_TYPE)
        return nc4_get_default_atomic_fill_value(tinfo->hdr.id,fill_value);
#ifdef USE_NETCDF4
    switch(tinfo->nc_type_class) {
    case NC_ENUM:
    return nc4_get_default_atomic_fill_value(tinfo->u.e.base_nc_typeid,fill_value);
    case NC_OPAQUE:
    case NC_VLEN:
    case NC_COMPOUND:
    if(fill_value)
        memset(fill_value,0,tinfo->size);
    break;  
    default: return NC_EBADTYPE;
    }
#endif
    return NC_NOERR;
}

int
nc4_get_default_atomic_fill_value(nc_type xtype, void *fill_value)
{
    switch (xtype)
    {
    case NC_CHAR:
        *(char *)fill_value = NC_FILL_CHAR;
        break;

    case NC_STRING:
        *(char **)fill_value = strdup(NC_FILL_STRING);
        break;

    case NC_BYTE:
        *(signed char *)fill_value = NC_FILL_BYTE;
        break;

    case NC_SHORT:
        *(short *)fill_value = NC_FILL_SHORT;
        break;

    case NC_INT:
        *(int *)fill_value = NC_FILL_INT;
        break;

    case NC_UBYTE:
        *(unsigned char *)fill_value = NC_FILL_UBYTE;
        break;

    case NC_USHORT:
        *(unsigned short *)fill_value = NC_FILL_USHORT;
        break;

    case NC_UINT:
        *(unsigned int *)fill_value = NC_FILL_UINT;
        break;

    case NC_INT64:
        *(long long *)fill_value = NC_FILL_INT64;
        break;

    case NC_UINT64:
        *(unsigned long long *)fill_value = NC_FILL_UINT64;
        break;

    case NC_FLOAT:
        *(float *)fill_value = NC_FILL_FLOAT;
        break;

    case NC_DOUBLE:
        *(double *)fill_value = NC_FILL_DOUBLE;
        break;

    default:
        return NC_EINVAL;
    }
    return NC_NOERR;
}